DMI

Location Education

NATIONAL NUMERACY PLAN

Objective

Malawi’s National Numeracy Plan (NNP), led by Malawi’s Ministry of Education (MoE) and implemented by Cambridge Education, sought to improve learning outcomes in maths for young children in grades 1-4. Around the world, teachers’ and parents’ mindsets to maths have a large impact on children’s perceived difficulty of maths, and their attitude towards learning it in classrooms.

DMI developed a social and behaviour change (SBC) campaign using human-centred design (HCD) principles to promote positive attitudes and beliefs towards mathematics among lower primary school learners, teachers, and caregivers in Malawi. This campaign was designed to support the scale-up of the wider project.

Locations

Malawi

Themes

Education – exploring beliefs, attitudes and motivations about mathematics in classrooms and at home

Formats

26 x focus group discussions with 250 lower primary learners from grades 1 – 4, teachers, and caregivers

Scope

Learners from grades 1 – 4, and teachers and caregivers of learners recruited from nine schools that were purposively selected from 200 schools in Northern, Central and Southern Regions of Malawi

Our Approach

Science

Rigorously defined messaging strategy

In February 2022, our Malawi team conducted 26 focus group discussions with learners, teachers, and caregivers across 9 districts to explore beliefs, attitudes, and motivations about maths. Overall attitudes towards learning maths were positive and its significance to enable one to perform day-to-day activities across life course were acknowledged. However, perceptions of maths being a difficult subject and significant gendered differences to good performance were also evident:

  • Teachers perceive girls to be lazy and slow in learning maths compared to boys.
  • Girls are usually overburdened with household chores, so come to school without practicing maths, and are too tired to concentrate.
  • Girls, especially later in school, are less likely to perform well in maths. This negatively influences their perceptions about their ability to succeed in the subject and makes them think that boys are superior in maths.
  • Girls are more likely to drop-out of school and get married at a young age and receive less financial support for fees from their caregivers than boys.

Stories

Tackling gender dynamics in learning

Drawing from the formative research, DMI identified three key messages for the messaging strategy. We then co-designed a set of prototype outputs to facilitate SBC among the target groups. We developed seven radio spots and two motivational songs, which were loaded on to a media card. The spots tackled the gendered dynamics brought to the fore in the formative research. For instance, one radio spot encouraged teachers not to underrate girls’ capabilities in mathematics in a relatable setting for teachers. Another spot encouraged male caregivers to be more actively involved in assisting their children in mathematics. The spots also tackled the low educational background of parents, which is often seen as a barrier to parental involvement in learning at home and demonstrated that a child can get support in maths at home, regardless of whether their parents are educated.

Subsequently, drawing on HCD principles to understand the perceptions, acceptability and persuasion of the proposed radio spots and songs , 27 focus group discussions were conducted with learners of grades 1-4 and their teachers and caregivers across the three regions.

Saturation

Following the pretesting of the prototypes among various participants, we built on feedback received during FGDs to refine our messaging. We designed a scale-up plan of the most effective and well-received messages via formats deemed to be engaging and effective by these target groups. At the end of the project, DMI proposed an extended, deeper period of enquiry to expand the scope of the proposed SBC campaign.

Partners & Funders

We are grateful to UK FCDO and Mott MacDonald for supporting this project.